Novel bacteria and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a novel bacterium  Yersinia entomophaga  MH96 as deposited at DSMZ on 4 May 2006 and designated accession no. DSM 18238. The present invention also relates to substances obtained or derived from  Yersinia entomophaga  MH96, which retain biopesticide activity. Methods for protecting a plant from pest infestation which include applying to the plant or its environment an effective amount of  Yersinia entomophaga  MH96 or a product delivered from the bacterium are also described.

STATEMENT OF CORRESPONDING APPLICATIONS

This application is based on the Provisional specification filed inrelation to Australian Patent Application Number 2006903111, the entirecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a novel bacterium and uses thereof. Inparticular, the present invention relates to applications concerned withthe biopesticide activity of the novel bacterium and of its mutant orvariant strains. The present invention also concerns substances obtainedor derived from the aforesaid bacteria.

BACKGROUND ART

The invention describes a pesticidal strain of a new species to becalled Yersinia entomaphaga that is active against a wide range ofinsect species. The novel bacterium also produces a toxic filtratecomponent that is also useful as a biopesticide agent in the control ofinsect species.

A novel insecticidal bacterium isolated from a New Zealand insect isdescribed. The bacterium is a new species residing within the genusYersinia and has been named Yersinia entomophaga MH96. Y. entomophagahas a broad host range towards members of the coleopteran andlepidopteran species amongst others. Death occurs within 72 hours postinoculation. The infection process appears to be due to a rapid build upin the bacterial population followed by a rapid invasion of thehaemocoel leading to the cadaver taking on a deliquescing blackappearance. Data are provided on biochemical utilisation tests (API),DNA sequences relating to phylogenetic analysis encompassing 16sribosomal RNA sequencing and MLST sequence analysis of known Yersiniagenes is given. In addition the DNA sequence of ˜132 short random Y.entomophaga genomic sequences are given.

A gram-negative bacterium was isolated from an infected grass grub fieldcollected from New Zealand soils. Inoculation of grass grub larvae withthe bacterium showed that death occurred within 2-3 days at 15° C.Standard biochemical identification using API20E and API50CH test stripsindicated the bacterium is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae mostsimilar to E. sakazakii, but subsequent molecular characterisationplaced it in the genus Yersinia.

The continued use of B. thuringiensis and derivatives as a biopesticideover many years can lead to an increase in resistant insects. There is,therefore, a need for novel biopesticides to control insects.

There is also a need for biological control agents such as biopesticidesto provide an alternative to chemical pesticides which can be toxic tonon-target organisms in the environment.

All references, including any patents or patent applications cited inthis specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission ismade that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of thereferences states what their authors assert, and the applicants reservethe right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the citeddocuments. It will be clearly understood that, although a number ofprior art publications are referred to herein, this reference does notconstitute an admission that any of these documents form part of thecommon general knowledge in the art, in New Zealand or in any othercountry.

It is acknowledged that the term ‘comprise’ may, under varyingjurisdictions, be attributed with either an exclusive or an inclusivemeaning. For the purpose of this specification, and unless otherwisenoted, the term ‘comprise’ shall have an inclusive meaning—i.e. that itwill be taken to mean an inclusion of not only the listed components itdirectly references, but also other non-specified components orelements. This rationale will also be used when the term ‘comprised’ or‘comprising’ is used in relation to one or more steps in a method orprocess.

It is an object of the present invention to address the foregoingproblems or at least to provide the public with a useful choice.

Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the ensuing description which is given by way of exampleonly.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

The original organism name Yersinia entomophagous MH-1 has been amendedherein to refer to Yersinia entomophaga MH96, to conform to the officialnomenclature of this organism. Thus, it should be clear that both namesrefer to the same organism as originally described in the provisionalspecification and the subject of the biological deposit at DSMZ on 4 May2006 and designated accession no. DSM 18238.

It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that unless thecontext clearly relays otherwise use of the terms Yersinia entomophagaMH196 or bacteria in this specification should also be taken to includemutant and variant strains of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 which retain thebiopesticide activity.

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is providedan isolated Yersinia entomophaga MH96 bacterium deposited at DSMZ on 4May 2006 and designated accession no. DSM 18238.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 to directly or indirectly obtain abiopesticide.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as a biopesticide.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 in the manufacture of a compositionsuitable as a biopesticide.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided aculture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as deposited at DSMZ on 4 May 2006and designated accession no. DSM 18238.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of a culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 to directly orindirectly obtain a biopesticide.

According to a seventh aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of a culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as a biopesticide.

According to a eighth aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of a culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 in the manufacture ofa composition suitable as a biopesticide.

According to a ninth aspect of the present invention there is provided acellular extract obtained from Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as deposited atDSMZ on 4 May 2006 and designated accession no. DSM 18238 or a culturethereof.

According to a tenth aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of a cellular extract of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 to directlyor indirectly obtain a biopesticide.

According to an eleventh aspect of the present invention there isprovided the use of a cellular extract of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as abiopesticide.

According to a twelfth aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of a cellular extract of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 in themanufacture of a composition suitable as a biopesticide.

According to a thirteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided a sonicated cell filtrate of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 asdeposited at DSMZ on 4 May 2006 and designated accession no. DSM 18238which has a biopesticide activity.

According to a fourteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided the use of a sonicated cell filtrate of Yersinia entomophagaMH96 to directly or indirectly obtain a biopesticide.

According to a fifteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided the use of a sonicated cell filtrate of Yersinia entomophagaMH96 as a biopesticide.

According to a sixteenth aspect of the present invention there isprovided the use of a sonicated cell filtrate of Yersinia entomophagaMH96 in the manufacture of a composition suitable as a biopesticide.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda supernatant of a whole broth culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 asdeposited at DSMZ on 4 May 2006 and designated accession no. DSM 18238.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of the supernatant of a whole broth culture of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 as a biopesticide.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of the supernatant of a whole broth culture of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 to directly or indirectly obtain a biopesticide.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of the supernatant of a whole broth culture of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 in the manufacture of a composition suitable as abiopesticide.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda composition that includes an effective amount of Yersinia entomophagaMH96 wherein said bacteria exhibits a biopesticide activity.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda composition formulated from an effective amount of a culture ofYersinia entomophaga MH96 wherein said culture exhibits a biopesticideactivity.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda composition included an effective amount Yersinia entomophaga MH96,wherein Yersinia entomophaga MH96 has been killed as an intact form andmaintains a biopesticide activity.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda composition formulated from an effective amount of a whole brothculture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 wherein said whole broth cultureexhibits a biopesticide activity.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda composition formulated from an effective amount of a supernatant of awhole broth culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 wherein the supernatantfrom the culture exhibits a biopesticide activity.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda composition formulated from an effective amount of a cellular extractof Yersinia entomophaga MH96 wherein said extract exhibits abiopesticide activity.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda composition formulated from an effective amount of a sonciated cellfiltrate of Yersinia entomophaga MH96, wherein said extract exhibits abiopesticide activity.

Preferably, the composition may be formulated with at least onebiopolymer compound. Preferably, at least one biopolymer compound is atleast one type of gum compound.

Preferably, the composition may be formulated as a gel composition.

Preferably, the composition may be formulated with at least onebiopolymer compound and at least one desiccating agent.

Preferably, the composition may be formulated with at least one type ofgum compound and the at least one desiccating agent is at least oneinert clay compound.

Preferably, the composition may be formulated as a dough or granularmaterial.

Preferably, the composition may be formed into a prill or granule shape.

Preferably, the composition may be mixed with an aqueous liquid andsprayed onto a substrate. Other embodiments, the composition may becoated onto a substrate. Preferably, the substrate may be a seed.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of treating or protecting a plant and/or plant derivedmaterials from pest infestation wherein the method comprises applying tothe plant or its environment an effective amount of Yersinia entomophagaMH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method substantially as described above wherein the effective amountof Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtained from a culture of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method substantially as described above wherein the effective amountof Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtained from a supernatant from a wholebroth culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of treating or protecting a plant or plant derived materialsfrom pest infestation wherein the method comprises applying to the plantor its environment an effective amount of a cellular extract of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of treating or protecting a plant and/or plant derivedmaterials from pest infestation wherein the method comprises applying tothe plant or its environment an effective amount of a sonicated cellfiltrate of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of treating or protecting a plant and/or plant derived frompest infestation wherein the method comprises applying to the plant orits environment a composition comprising an effective amount of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method substantially as described above wherein the effective amountof Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtained from a culture of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method substantially as described above wherein the effective amountof Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtained from a supernatant from a wholebroth culture Yersinia entomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of treating or protecting a plant and/or plant derivedmaterials from pest infestation wherein the method comprises applying tothe plant or its environment a composition comprising an effectiveamount of a cellular extract of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of treating or protecting a plant and/or plant derivedmaterials from pest infestation wherein the method comprises applying tothe plant or its environment a composition comprising an effectiveamount of a sonicated cell filtrate of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of controlling and/or preventing a pest infestationcharacterised by the step of applying a composition comprising aneffective amount of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 to a surface.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method as claimed in claim 48, wherein the effective amount ofYersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtained from a culture of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method as claimed in claim 48, wherein the effective amount ofYersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtained from a supernatant from a wholebroth culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of controlling and/or preventing a pest infestationcharacterised by the step of applying a composition comprising aneffective amount of a cellular extract of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 to asurface.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of controlling and/or preventing a pest infestationcharacterised by the step of applying a composition comprising aneffective amount of a sonicated cell filtrate of Yersinia entomophagaMH96 to a surface.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provideda method of controlling and/or preventing a pest infestationcharacterised by the step of applying a composition as substantiallydescribed above, to a surface.

According to a further aspect of the present invention there is providedthe use of an isolated Yersinia entomophaga MH96 bacterium deposited atDSMZ on 4 May 2006 and designated accession no. DSM 18238, or culturethereof, for use in the biopesticide activity against the insect specieslisted in Table 13 and/or the larvae thereof.

It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that discovery bythe inventors that Yersinia entomophaga MH96 has a biopesticide activityis of broad application.

Preferably, the biopesticide activity may be for the application againstinsect species listed in Table 13 and/or the larvae thereof.

As used herein the term “isolated” means removed from the naturalenvironment in which the bacteria naturally occurs and is separated fromsome or all of the co-existing materials in the natural system fromwhich the bacteria has been obtained.

As used herein the term “biopesticide” refers to a biologically derivedsubstance having the ability to kill, or retard the growth of, insectsand/or the larvae thereof. In particular, a biopesticide of the presentinvention should be capable of retarding growth, or killing, one or moreof the insect species listed in Table 13 and/or the larvae thereof. Mostpreferably, a biopesticide of the present invention should be capable ofretarding the growth, or killing, at least one, but preferably all ormost of the species listed in Table 13 and/or the larvae thereof.

As used herein the term “culture” refers to a population of bacteriatogether with the media in or on which the population was propagated(i.e. grown).

As used herein the term “whole broth culture” refers to a liquid mediaand the population of bacteria therein.

In preferred embodiments the broth may be Luria-Bertani broth. However,it will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that othersuitable broths may be used.

As used herein the term “cellular extract” refers to a substance ormixture of substances obtained from a bacterial cell.

As used herein the term “sonicate” or grammatical variants thereofrefers to subjecting a cell to ultrasonic vibrations in order tofragment the cell wall to release the contents of the cell.

It should be appreciated that the ‘cellular extract’ may be obtained ina variety of different ways, and may come in a variety of differentforms without departing from the scope of the present invention.

In some embodiments the cellular extract may be a crude extract of thecontents of the cell. In general the crude extract may be obtained viacentrifugation of a whole broth culture re-suspended in a suitablebuffer.

Such an extract may have been derived from Sonication; French press;Mantin gaulin press, bead basher, bead mill mincer osmotic lysis andenzyme related lysis as outlined in Scopes (1993); Doonan (1996) andSambrook et al. (1989).

In other embodiments the cellular extract may be a freeze dried or aspray dried extract. In general, the freeze or spray dried extract maybe obtained via any cellular extract which has also been subjected to afreeze- or spray drying process or alternate processes as outlined inMaa and Prestrelski (2000).

In preferred embodiments the cellular extract may be derived from theaforementioned methods via sonication; French press; Mantin gaulinpress, bead basher, bead mill mincer osmotic lysis or enzyme relatedlysis.

In general the inventors have found that a supernatant having abiopesticide activity will be obtained when the organism is grown inLuria-Bertani broth at 25° C.

The term ‘plant’ refers to the plant in it's entirety or a part thereofincluding selected portions of the plant during the plant life cyclesuch as the plant seeds, shoots, leaves, bark, pods, roots, flowers,stems and the like, including crop food and plant derived materials orparts thereof.

The term ‘plant derived materials’ refers to products that may beproduced from a plant or part thereof. It will be appreciated that aperson skilled in the art will know of various examples of plant derivedproducts, such as hay, silage or other types of feed or products.

Compositions of the present invention may be formulated in a variety ofdifferent ways without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. In general the formulation chosen will be dependent on theend application. For example, possible formulations include, but shouldnot be limited to:

-   -   Vectors such as the Trojan vector;    -   Matrixes;    -   Soluble powders;    -   Granules;    -   Micro encapsulation in a suitable medicine;    -   Aqueous suspensions;    -   Non-aqueous suspensions;    -   Emulsions;    -   Pastes;    -   Emulsifiable concentrations; or    -   Baits.

The present invention may preferably include formulations suitable for

-   -   direct application to insect affected areas e.g. drench, spray        form;    -   suspended in a bait matrix;    -   slow release prills for subterranean applications; or    -   hydrophobic matrixes facilitating buoyancy for aquatic surface        filter feeders.

It will be appreciated that other suitable formulations and/or methodsof preparing the formulations and/or compositions will be known to thoseskilled in the art. Examples of other such methods to stabiles orprepare a composition include the methods described in patentapplications WO 02/15702 or WO 02/15703.

The term bait as used herein refers to any foodstuff or other attractantto an insect or larvae thereof which includes an effective amount of:

-   -   a) Yersinia entomophaga MH96; or    -   b) a mutant or variant strain of Yersinia entomophaga MH96; or    -   c) a derivative of a) or b).

The term ‘effective amount’ as used herein refers to a suitable quantityfor a biopesticide activity to be exhibited.

The Yersinia entomophaga MH96 of the present invention produces abiopesticide which can be applied directly to surfaces where insects maycontact such as artificial/cultural surfaces (e.g. milled wood,concrete, and urban dwellings); as well as in agricultural systems suchas plant surfaces seed coats or matter of plant origin.

The present invention has application in both terrestrial and aquaticenvironments and may be applied in or on both soil and phylloplane orrhizospere systems.

Thus, preferred embodiments of the present invention may have a numberof advantages over the prior art which can include:

-   -   providing a new biopesticide which has a broad efficacy across a        range of insects;    -   providing a new method for controlling insects; and    -   providing a new biopesticide which has a range of different        forms.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from thefollowing description which is given by way of example only and withreference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows a phylogenetic comparison of 16s ribosomal DNA of specieswithin the genus Yersinia, using the program DNAML (Phylip suite) withdefault values, and with randomised input order (data from Kotetishviliet. al 2005; except for Yersinia entomophaga MH96);

FIG. 2 shows a phylogenetic comparison of 16s ribosomal DNA based onamplification of 190 bp from 16s ribosomal DNA; based on 190 bp regionanalysed using the programme DNAman, tree created using theNeighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987, Mol. Biol. Ecol.4:406-425);

FIG. 3 shows a phylogenetic comparison based on data from 428 bp ofY-HSP60 amplification, analysed using the programme DNAman, tree createdusing the Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987, Mol. Biol.Ecol. 4:406-425) (data from Kotetishvili et. al 2005; except forYersinia entomophaga MH96);

FIG. 4 shows a phylogenetic comparison based on data from glyAamplification, analysed using the programme DNAman, tree created usingthe Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987, Mol. Biol. Ecol.4:406-425) (data from Kotetishvili et. al 2005; except for Yersiniaentomophaga MH96);

FIG. 5 shows a phylogenetic comparison based on data from amplificationof 394 bp from recA, analysed using the programme DNAman, tree createdusing the Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987, Mol. Biol.Ecol. 4:406-425) (data from Kotetishvili et. al 2005; except forYersinia entomophaga MH96);

FIG. 6 shows a phylogenetic comparison based on data from gyrBamplification, analysed using the programme DNAman, tree created usingthe Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987, Mol. Biol. Ecol.4:406-425) (data from Kotetishvili et. al 2005; except for Yersiniaentomophaga MH96);

FIG. 7 shows a phylogenetic comparison based on data from amplificationof 1765 bp assembled fragments, using the programme MrBayes v3.1.2 andtrees viewed using TreeView (data from Kotetishvili et. al 2005; exceptfor Yersinia entomophaga MH96);

FIG. 8 shows a phylogenetic comparison based on data from amplificationof GInA, GyrB, RecA, Y-hsp60 (1,525 base) assembled fragments, analysedusing a maximum likelihood tree using DNAML from the Phylip package(data from Kotetishvili et. al 2005; except for Yersinia entomophagaMH96);

FIG. 9 shows clover seedlings cut to approximately 10 mm, and Kibbledwheat baits can be seen on the surface of the potting mix;

FIG. 10 shows clover plants at day 12, container A had four plantsdestroyed by Wiseana spp. larvae feeding, while all the plants survivedin the container B on the right; and

FIG. 11 shows Tunnel house temperature over the duration of thebioassay.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Discovery

During routine prefeeding assays of grass grub larvae that had beencollected from various field locations throughout the South Island ofNew Zealand, larvae that appeared diseased were put aside and assessedfor the presence of a causative bacterial agent.

Larvae were surface sterilized by submerging in 70% methanol. The larvaewere then shaken in sterile DH₂O, removed and blotted dry. A 10 μlpipette tip was inserted through the back of the larvae breeching thehaemocoelic cavity, an aliquot withdrawn and serial diluted in LuriaBertini broth. The diluent was plated on non-selective Luria Bertinamedia and incubated at 30° C. Morphologically different isolates werepurified, and accessed for virulence by standard bioassay.

Example 1 Physiological and Metabolic Characterisation Gram Negative Rod

Growth in LB media with subsequent plating, shows that two colony formsare apparent these are:

-   -   i) convex circular    -   ii) dimpled circular

However, if the colonies are allowed to grow to over 3-4 days allcolonies have exhibit a convex circular form indicative that the dimpledcircular form is growth stage dependant

The bacteria exhibits growth retardation if grown at 37° C.

The bacteria form large flocs of bacterial cells in the RSYE culturegrown at 37° C. just prior to 6 hours at 250 rpm.

Dilution plated samples taken at 48 and 72 hours required longerincubation at 30° C. before colonies were visible and able to becounted.

The colonies are positive on DNAase plates within 24 hours (O'Callaghanand Jackson 1993).

TABLE 1 ASSILMIATION TESTS AND RESULTS Test Result Gram stain negativeOxidase negative Glucose acid positive API 20E 1-307-160 No match DNAaseweak positive

The strains were tested using a commercial bacterial identificationsystem API, bio-Merieux. Results are shown in Table 2 below.

Carbon source utilisation tests were done by using API strips (APIsystem, La Balme les Grottes, France)

TABLE 2 Testing results from AP1 bacterial identification system API Y.entomophaga ONPG (beta-galactosidase) + ADH (arginine dehydrolase) −(weak) LDC (lysine decarboxylase) − ODC (orthinine decarboxylase) + CIT(citrate utilisation) + H₂S (H₂S production) − URE (urease) − TDA(tryptophane desaminase) − IND (indole production) − VP (acetoinproduction) + GEL (gelatinase) + GLU (glucose fermentation) + MAN(mannitol fermentation) + INO (inositol fermentation) − SOR (sorbitolfermentation) − RHA (rhamnose fermentation) − SAC (sucrosefermentation) + MEL (melibiose fermentation) + AMY (amygdalinfermentation) − ARA (arabinose fermentation) − OX (oxidase) − DNAse +glycerol + erythritol − D-arabinose − L-arabinose − ribose + D-xylose −L-xylose − adonitol − β methyl-xyloside − galactose + D-glucose +D-fructose + D-mannose + L-sorbose − Rhamnose − Dulcitol − inositol −mannitol + Sorbitol − α methyl-D-mannoside − α methyl-D-glucoside − Nacetyl glucosamine + amygdaline − arbutine − esculine − salicine −cellobiose ? maltose + lactose ? melibiose + saccharose + trehalose +inuline − melezitose − D-raffinose + amidon − glycogene − xylitol − βgentiobiose − D-turanose − D-lyxose − D-tagatose − D-fucose − D-arabitol− L-arabitol − gluconate ? 2 ceto-gluconate − 5 ceto-gluconate ? scoreapi 50 = +24 hours (ATCC cultures >48 hrs). ? denotes inconclusiveresult.

TABLE 3 AGAR phenotypes of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 grown on variouscommercially supplied agar (Fort Richards) bacteria grown for 24 hoursat 30° C. Plate media Phenology Orientation agar purple XLD agar orangeslight yellow halo Col sheep blood no lysis Col horse blood no lysisViolet red bile agar growth Brilliant green agar modified yellow PFAagar no growth Dermatophte test medium turquoise Chocolate sens mattrhizoid morphology Cetrimide agar no growth but very slight after 48hours Bismuth sulphite agar dark green Macconkey agar w/d cv oranglymatt rhizoid morphology Haemin agar no lysis Brilliant green agar lightgreen tinge rhizoid growth Thayer martin agar no growth

Example 2 Genetic Identification DNA-DNA Hybridization

DNA-DNA hybridization was determined at the Deutsche Sammlung vonMikroorganismen und. Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany and carried outas described by De Ley et al. (1970) under consideration of themodifications described by Huss et al. (1983) using a model Cary 100 BioUV/VIS-spectrophotometer equipped with a Peltier-thermostatted 6×6multicell changer and a temperature controller with in-situ temperatureprobe (Varian). DNA-DNA relatedness was tested at 70° C. in 2×SSC plus10% (v/v) DMSO

TABLE 4 % DNA-DNA similarity (in 2 X SSC at 70° C.) “Y. entomophagaMH96” DSM 18238 (ID 06-840) Yersinia pseudotuberculosis DSM 8992^(T)23.0 (19.7) (ID 06-841) Yersinia ruckeri DSM 18506^(T) 45.6 (52.1) (ID06-842) Yersinia intermedia DSM 18517^(T) 0.82 (2.15) (ID 06-843)

Results derived indicate that Y. entomophaga MH96 DSM 18238 (ID 06-840)does neither belong to the species Y. pseudotuberculosis DSM 8992^(T)(ID 06-841) nor to the species Y. ruckeri DSM 18506^(T) (ID 06-842) andnor to the species Y. intermedia DSM 18517^(T) (ID 06-843) when therecommendations of a threshold value of 70% DNA-DNA similarity for thedefinition of bacterial species by the ad hoc committee (Wayne et al.,1987) are considered.

DNA G+C Content

The DNA G+C content of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 DSM 18238 (ID 06-840):was determined at the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen andZellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany according to the method of Mesbah etal. (1989) and as three independent measurements. Cells were disruptedusing a French pressure cell and the DNA was purified according to theprocedure of Cashion et al. (1977) and degraded as described by Mesbahet al. (1989) and assessed by HPLC system (Shimadzu Corp. Japan). Usingthis method the The DNA G+C content of Y. entomophaga” MH96 DSM 18238(ID 06-840): was at 49.3 mol % G+C These estimates are within theaccepted limits for the genus Yersinia of 46-50 mol % (Bercovier &Mollaret, 1984.).

Plasmid Visualisation

Plasmid visualisation by method of Kado and Lui (1981) showed that noextra-chromosomal elements such as plasmids were present.

Purification of Genomic DNA

Genomic DNA for rRNA sequencing was isolated by a modified method ofCathala G et al, (1983). A 1.5 ml O/N culture was pelletted, andresuspended in 500 μl of lysis solution (5M guanidine isothiocyanate, 10mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 8% mercaptoethanol). An equal volumeof phenol:chloroform was added, the tube inverted several times andcentrifuged at 13000 g for 15 minutes. The upper layer removed to a neweppendorf and ethanol precipitated. To remove residual Guandium andother inhibitory compounds, the resultant pellet was air dried andresuspended in 500 μl of DH₂O, placed in a 37° C. water bath, andintermittently agitated for 1-2 hours. The solution was then re-ethanolprecipitated and resuspended in 500 DH₂O

rRNA PCR

Closely related strains identified by API were obtained from theAmerican Type Culture Collection, Md., and included the Enterobactersakazakii strains ATCC29004 and ATCC51329.

The 16S gene was amplified with primers as shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Primers used to amplify 16s rRNA U16a AGA GTT TGA TCC TGG CTCU16b TAC GGY TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T UB16 A2 GCC GCG GTA AT ACG GAG GU16B2 AGG ATA AGG GTT TGC GCT CCG

PCR

94° C. 15s 60° C. (30s) 62° C. (2′) ×5 cycles

94° C. 15s 57° C. (30s) 62° C. (2′) ×40 cycles

PCR template was sequenced using automated sequencing and an AppliedBiosystem 373A or 377 autosequencer. Sequence data was assembled usingSEQMAN. The database at the National Centre for BiotechnologyInformation was searched using BLASTN and the WWW. Nucleotide sequenceaccession numbers. The sequences determined in this study have beenassigned the GenBank accession numbers DQ400713-DQ400845.

rDNA Sequence Comparison

Table 6 below shows 16s comparison based on 1428 by and compared withGenBank sequences:

TABLE 6 16s comparison based on 1428 bp and compared with GenBanksequences. Genbank accession Genus, species Accession number and strainReference/author date AF366385 Yersinia ruckeri Kim, W., Song, M.-O.,Song, W., 08 MAY 2001 Chung, S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and Park, Y.-H. AB004746Enterobacter sakazakii Harada, H. 25 JUL. 1997 (strain: JCM1233)RAU90757 Rahnella aquatilis Brenner, D. J., Muller, H. E., 15 APR. 1998Steigerwalt, A. G., Whitney, A. M., O'Hara, C. M. and Kampfer, P. (1998)Two new Rahnella genomospecies that cannot be phenotypicallydifferentiated from Rahnella aquatilis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48 Pt1, 141-149 YEN16SA Y. enterocolitica Harmsen, D. 27 JUN. 1996 (strainO:3 108 c) AF366384 Yersinia rohdei 16S Kim, W., Song, M.-O., Song, W.,08 MAY 2001 Chung, S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and Park, Y.-H. S000001663Yersinia Harmsen, D. W., Schmelz, J. F. 30 JUL. 1996 pseudotuberculosis;and Heesemann, J. Serotype III 1B1 B28 (W.W.) S000001661 YersiniaIbrahim, A., Goebel, B. M., 12 JUN. 1995 enterocolitica; Liesack, W.,Griffiths, M. and ER-26036-92; Stackebrandt, E. serotype O:3 (1993) Thephylogeny of the genus Yersinia based on 16S rDNA sequences. FEMSMicrobiol. Lett. 114 (2), 173-177 S000004821 Yersinia Kim, W., Song,M.-O., Song, W., 17 MAY 2001 pseudotuberculosis Chung, S.-I., Choi,C.-S. and Park, Y.-H. S000004821 Yersinia Kim, W., Song, M.-O., Song,W., 17 MAY 2001 pseudotuberculosis Chung, S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and 83Park, Y.-H. S000003234 Yersinia rohdei (T); Kim, W., Song, M.-O., Song,W., 08 MAY 2001 ATCC 43380 Chung, S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and Park, Y.-H.YS17B16S Yersinia sp. (isolate Ibrahim, A., Liesack, W., 17 FEB. 1997YEM17B Steigerwalt, A. G., Brenner, D. J., Stackebrandt, E. and Robins-Browne, R. M. (1997) A cluster of atypical Yersinia strains with adistinctive 16S rRNA signature FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 146 (1), 73-78YPD16SRN Yersinia pestis Ibrahim, A., Goebel, B. M., 27 MAY 2000 (D-28)Liesack, W., Griffiths, M. and Stackebrandt, E. (1993) The phylogeny ofthe genus Yersinia based on 16S rDNA sequences. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.114 (2), 173-177 AJ414156 Yersinia pestis CO9 YPE16SA Y. pestis (strainEV Harmsen, D. pst+ c) YEPRGD Yersinia pestis Wilson, K. H. and Hills,H. G. 19 JAN. 1995 AF365949 Yersinia Kim, W., Song, M.-O., Song, W., 17MAY 2001 pseudotuberculosis Chung, S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and strain 6088Park, Y.-H. YR16SRN Yersinia rohdei Ibrahim, A., Goebel, B. M., 27 MAY2000 (ER-2935) Liesack, W., Griffiths, M. and Stackebrandt, E. (1993)The phylogeny of the genus Yersinia based on 16S rDNA sequences. FEMSMicrobiol. Lett. 114 (2), 173-177 YK16SRRN Yersinia kristenseniiIbrahim, A., Goebel, B. M., 27 MAY 2000 (ER-2812) Liesack, W.,Griffiths, M. and kristensenii 2 Stackebrandt, E. (1993) The phylogenyof the genus Yersinia based on 16S rDNA sequences. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.114 (2), 173-177 AF366381 Yersinia kristensenii Kim, W., Song, M.-O.,Song, W., 08 MAY 2001 Chung, S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and Park, Y.-H. AF366382Yersinia mollaretii Kim, W., Song, M.-O., Song, W., 08 MAY 2001 Yersiniamollaretii2 Chung, S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and Park, Y.-H. YM16SRRN Yersiniamollaretii Ibrahim, A., Goebel, B. M., 27 MAY 2000 (ER-2975) Liesack,W., Griffiths, M. and Stackebrandt, E. (1993) The phylogeny of the genusYersinia based on 16S rDNA sequences. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 114 (2),173-177 AF366379 Yersinia Kim, W., Song, M.-O., Song, W., 08 MAY 2001frederiksenii Chung, S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and Park, Y.-H. AF366380Yersinia intermedia Kim, W., Song, M.-O., Song, W., 08 MAY 2001 Chung,S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and Park, Y.-H. AF366376 Yersinia aldovae Kim, W.,Song, M.-O., Song, W., 08 MAY 2001 Chung, S.-I., Choi, C.-S. and Park,Y.-H. YB16SRRN Yersinia bercovieri Ibrahim, A., Goebel, B. M., 27 MAY2000 Yersinia bercovieri 1 Liesack, W., Griffiths, M. and Stackebrandt,E. (1993) The phylogeny of the genus Yersinia based on 16S rDNAsequences. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 114 (2), 173-177 AF366377 Yersiniabercovieri Kim, W., Song, M.-O., Song, W., 08 MAY 2001 Chung, S.-I.,Choi, C.-S. and Park, Y.-H.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, using 16s rRNA sequences Y. entomophagaaligns with atypical strains of Y. frederiksenii (FIG. 1) or Y.kristensenii (FIG. 2—190 bp).

TABLE 7 Multi locus sequence tagging (MLST) Primers used for MLST of theYersinia species (Derived from Kotetishvili et al. 2005), Accessionnumber Gene Primers (5′ → 3′) and Results 16S rDNA AGTTTGATCATGGCTCAGDQ400782FIG. 1 TTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCA and 2 GlnA CGATTGGTGGCTGGAAAGGCDQ400780FIG. 4 TTGGTCATRGTRTTGAAGCG GyrB CGGCGGTTTGCAYGGYGTRGGDQ400781FIG. 6 CAGSGTRCGRGTCATYGCCG recA GGGCCAAATTGAAAARCARTTDQ400835FIG. 5 CGGCGCCRATYTTCATRCGRA TYTGGT Y-HSP60GACGTNGTAGAAGGTATGYAG DQ400829FIG. 3 CGCCGCCAGCCAGTTTAGC

MLST analysis, based on primer sequences as above in Table 7, inconjunction and analysis of random genomic sequence analysis (Resultsshown in FIGS. 3-8 of phylogenetic comparison of sequences from theabove genes), indicates that Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is a new speciesresiding within the genera Yersinia. A presumptive name foe the newspecies would be Yersinia entomophaga MH96 (as it eats insects)

Random Genomic Sequencing of Yersinia entomophaga MH96

To further help define what species Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is,genomic DNA of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 was made and digested using therestriction enzymes HindIII; EcoRI and PstI in independent reactions.The digested DNA was then ligated to the vector DNA (pUC19) digestedwith the aforementioned enzymes. Using this method approximately 132independent random HindIII; PstI; or EcoRI; clones were constructed.Using the pUC19 M13F and M13R based primers DNA from the clones wassequenced. The DNA sequence data has been deposited under the GenBankaccession number (DQ400713-DQ400845). This data have enabled thegeneration of random snap shots of the Yersinia entomophaga MH96 genomeand shown that many genes have greater than 90% DNA similarity to theDNA of Yersinia pestis. While other DNA remains at this point in timenovel scoring no apparent similarity to DNA I the current database

The DNA nucleotide sequence of 132 random Y. entomophaga sequences havebeen submitted to GenBank and assigned the numbers DQ400713-DQ400845

Example 3 Culture Conditions

Yersinia entomophaga MH96 can be grown in LB broth or on LB agar(Sambrook and Russell, 2001) or any alternate common laboratory media asyet no defined media for the isolation of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 hasbeen defined, optimum growth for Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is 25° C.-30°C. Cultures were incubated at 200 rpm in a Raytek orbital mixerincubator.

Crude Toxin Isolation Using Cell Lysis Such as Sonication

From a 3 ml overnight culture pellet by centrifugation (8,000 g 3minutes) resuspended in 1.0 ml of 1.5 ml phosphate buffer (10 mMphosphate buffer, pH 7.4; 2.7 mM KCl; 137 mM NaCl), two 0.7 ml sampleswere transferred to an eppendorf and subjected to three 30s rounds ofsonication on wet ice using a Sanyo soniprep 150 sonicater (18Ω). Thesonicated samples were centrifuged (16,000 g) and the supernatant filtersterilised through a 0.2 μm filter to a sterile eppendorf. Thefiltrate's were placed on wet ice and used immediately for bioassayanalysis. The efficacy of the lysate was assessed by the oral injectionof 5 μl of filtrate sample through the larval mouth parts or theapplication of 5 μl of filtrate sample to the surface of a 3 mm³ carrotfrom which the grass grub larvae would feed. Under these conditionstoxins can be visualised on a standard Laemmli SDS-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The toxins have activity only if thebacterium is subjected to sonication. Bioassays of Yersinia entomophagaMH96 culture supernatant show no effect (refer Table 8-12).

Crude Toxin Isolation Via Y. entomophaga MH96 Grown at 25° C.Induction and Purification of Y. entomophaga MH96 Toxin

From an overnight culture grown at 25° C. Bacterial debris was removedby centrifugation (30 min; 12000 g; 4° C.) and the supernatant filtersterilised through a 0.2 μm filter to a sterile eppendorf.

Standard Bioassay

Healthy; feeding larvae, collected from the field, were individually fedsquares of carrot which had been rolled in colonies of putativepathogenic bacteria that had grown overnight on solid media. Twelvesecond or third instar larvae were used for each treatment. Inoculatedlarvae were maintained at 15° C., in ice-cube trays. Larvae were leftfeeding on treated carrot for 3-4 days, then transferred to fresh traysand re-fed with untreated carrot for up to 10-14 days and signs ofdisease noted.

Dose Response Assay

An overnight culture of bacteria was grown, and a dilution series set upin phosphate buffer. Five it of each dilution were inoculated onto preair dried carrot cubes measuring approximately 3 mm³. Grass grub wereplaced into each of the trays cubicles, and results monitored aspreviously described under standard bioassay.

Experimental Protocols

Testing of Yersinia entomophaga MH960N the Diamond Backed Moth (DBM).

The bioassay of efficacy of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 live cells and thetoxic proteins from Yersinia entomophaga MH96 was tested on the DiamondBacked Moth (DBM).

Five fractions of the bacterial culture tested:

-   -   1. Live cell broth; 1 ml freshly cultured broth used.    -   2. Concentrated live cells. 10 ml of broth centrifuged at 8000        rpm for 8 min, the resulting pellet harvested, and resupended in        1 ml of PB;    -   3. Resuspended live cells. 1 ml broth centrifuged at 8000 rpm        for 8 min, the resulting pellet harvested and cells resuspended        in equal volume of PB;    -   4. Heat killed broth. 1 ml broth subjected to boiling water for        10 min; broth plated out in LB plate to confirm if any live        cells.    -   5. Sterile filtrate broth. 10 ml broth centrifuged at 8000 rpm        for 8 min, the resulting pellet harvested, resuspended in 1 ml        PB, then sonicated and centrifuged at 1300 rpm, 5 min; the        supernatant harvested. Supernatant plated out in LB plate to        confirm if any live cells.

All fractions mixed with 0.2% Tween 80 as emulsifier. LB broth and PBplus 0.2% Tween 80 used as controls.

Assessment: Leaf Disc Method.

-   -   1. The 2^(nd) to 4^(th) instars collected from plants and place        in a container supplied with cabbage leaves. If not enough for        an experiment, larvae stored in fridge for an extended 2 to 3        day period until further collections.    -   2. Larvae transferred to clean or sterile Petri dishes        containing no cabbage leaves by a sterile fine art brush at        least 4 h prior to being exposed to treatments to ensure        sufficient uptake of bacteria and the fractions tested.    -   3. Leaf discs (1.0 cm in diameter) punctured from tender leaves        of cabbage seedlings, and stored in a Petri dish containing a        small piece of wet tissue    -   4. Using freshly flame sterilized soft tweezers transfer the        leaf discs individually into the wells of plates, with the upper        surface of the leaves upward.    -   5. 5 μl of test suspension pipetted onto the upper surface of        the leaf disc and spread with a sterile glass rob or        homogenizer.    -   6. Larvae transferred individually onto a leaf disc with alcohol        sterilized fine art brushes carefully. All larvae used for a        treatment pooled in a plate covered by parafilm to prevent        larval escaping from wells.    -   7. Recode the developmental stage of each larva.    -   8. Plates sealed in plastic bags and held at 15 C under 14:10        (L:D) h photoperiod.    -   9. Leaf discs renewed daily using the method above. Mortality        monitored within 5 d post-inoculation.    -   8-12 larvae tested for each treatment, Experiments carried out        three replications.

Summary Pathogenicity of Bacteria Yersinia entomophaga MH96 to DiamondBack Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

Laboratory Bioassay of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 Toxicity to DBM Larvae

Determination of Active Fractions

TABLE 8 Effect of the culture broth fractions of Yersinia entomophagaMH96 on the mortality of diamond back moth larvae. No. larvae No. deadMortality Fraction Rep* tested larvae (%) Mean (%) Live cell broth 1 1010 100.0 100.0 2 12 12 100.0 3 12 12 100.0 4 12 12 100.0 Resuspendedlive 1 10 10 100.0 95.8 cells 2 12 11 91.7 3 12 12 100.0 4 12 11 91.7Heat killed broth 1 10 2 20.0 7.1 2 12 0 0.0 3 12 0 0.0 4 12 1 8.3Sonicated cell 1 10 10 100.0 95.8 filtrate 2 12 12 100.0 3 12 11 91.7 412 11 91.7 Broth supernatant 1 10 0 0.0 0.0 2 12 0 0.0 3 12 0 0.0 4 12 00.0 Control 1 (PBS) 1 10 2 20.0 5.0 2 12 0 0.0 3 12 0 0.0 4 12 0 0.0Control 2 (LB 1 10 1 10.0 2.5 broth) 2 12 0 0.0 3 12 0 0.0 4 12 0 0.0

Screenings of LD₅₀ of Active Fractions Live Cell Broth

TABLE 9 Effect of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 dose on the mortality ofdiamond back moth larvae. Dilution No. No. No. series Dose larvae deaddead Mortality Mean tested Rep (cells/cm²) tested larvae pupae (%) (%)10⁰ 1 28000000 12 12 0 100.0 94.4 2 21000000 12 11 0 91.7 3 31000000 1211 0 91.7 10⁻¹ 1 2800000 12 8 2 83.3 88.9 2 2100000 12 10 0 83.3 33100000 12 12 0 100.0 10⁻² 1 280000 12 9 0 75.0 83.3 2 210000 12 7 383.3 3 310000 12 9 2 91.7 10⁻³ 1 28000 12 7 0 58.3 58.3 2 21000 12 4 141.7 3 31000 12 6 3 75.0 10⁻⁴ 1 2800 12 5 3 66.7 52.8 2 2100 12 5 2 58.33 3100 12 2 2 33.3 10⁻⁵ 1 280 12 6 1 58.3 38.9 2 210 12 2 2 33.3 3 31012 1 2 25.0 Control 1 0 12 0 0 0.0 0.0 2 0 12 0 0 0.0 3 0 12 0 0 0.0

Sonicated Cell Filtrate

TABLE 10 Effect of the sonicated cell filtrate concentration of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 on mortality of diamond back moth larvae. No No Nolarvae dead dead Mortality Mean Concentration Rep tested larvae pupae(%) (%) 100%  1 12 11 0 91.7 91.7 2 12 11 0 91.7 3 12 10 1 91.7 50% 1 126 1 58.3 80.6 2 12 11 0 91.7 3 12 11 0 91.7 20% 1 12 9 0 75.0 75.0 2 129 0 75.0 3 12 7 2 75.0 10% 1 12 5 0 41.7 58.3 2 12 7 0 58.3 3 12 8 175.0  2% 1 12 2 0 16.7 30.6 2 12 3 0 25.0 3 12 5 1 50.0  1% 1 12 0 0 0.02.8 2 12 0 0 0.0 3 12 1 0 8.3 Control 1 12 0 0 0.0 0.0 2 12 0 0 0.0 3 120 0 0.0

Screenings of Stability of Active Fractions Live Cell Broth

TABLE 11 Effect of ambient temperature and length of storage period ontoxicity of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 live cells to DBM larvae No Nolarvae dead Mortality Mean Treatment Rep tested larvae (%) (%) 0 d(Fresh 1 12 11 91.7 83.3 culture) 2 12 10 83.3 3 12 9 75.0 1 d, 20° C. 112 12 100.0 86.1 2 12 10 83.3 3 12 9 75.0 7 d, 20° C. 1 12 10 83.3 77.82 12 11 91.7 3 12 7 58.3 1 d, 4° C. 1 12 8 66.7 63.9 2 12 7 58.3 3 12 866.7 7 d, 4° C. 1 12 10 83.3 88.9 2 12 11 91.7 3 12 11 91.7 Control 1 120 0.0 5.6 2 12 1 8.3 3 12 1 8.3

Sonicated Cell Filtrate

TABLE 12 Effect of temperature and length of storage period on toxicityof Yersinia entomophaga MH96 sonicated cell filtrate to DBM larvae No Nolarvae dead Mortality Mean Treatment Rep tested larvae (%) (%) 0 d(Fresh 1 12 12 100.0 88.9 culture) 2 12 9 75.0 3 12 11 91.7 1 d, 20° C.1 12 11 91.7 86.1 2 12 9 75.0 3 12 11 91.7 7 d, 20° C. 1 12 12 100.091.7 2 12 10 83.3 3 12 11 91.7 1 d, 4° C. 1 12 8 66.7 66.7 2 12 9 75.0 312 7 58.3 7 d, 4° C. 1 12 11 91.7 77.8 2 12 6 66.7 3 12 9 75.0 Control 112 1 8.3 5.6 2 12 0 0.0 3 12 1 8.3Bait Formulation of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 Against 7^(TH)-8^(TH)Instar Wiseana sp Larvae

Experiment 1 Method

Wiseana spp. larvae (most likely W. copularis based on size and flighttimes of moths in January) were collected from pasture on Taieri Plain.The moths were housed in 60 ml specimen containers three quarters filledwith ground pine bark (<2 mm) to which were added white clover(Trifolium repens var. Huia) leaves as food. This food was changed every3-4 days and the larvae moved to fresh containers after three weeks andagain one day prior to the commencement of the bioassay.

For the bioassay, ten larvae were randomly allocated to be givenYersinia entomophaga MH96 kibbled wheat baits and ten allocated ascontrols. Those larvae in the Yersinia entomophaga MH96 treatment weregiven approximately ½ teaspoon of kibbled wheat (8-12 grains) while thecontrol larvae continued to be given clover leaves. Larval survival andfeeding was assessed after five days and again at ten days. Survivinglarvae were fed again after five days according to treatment.

Results

After five days, six of the Wiseana spp. larvae given Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 were dead while all the control larvae were alive andapparently healthy. After ten days all larvae given Yersinia entomophagaMH96 had died and all control larvae were alive. On both occasions thelarvae given kibbled wheat had taken it into their burrows and signs offeeding were evident.

Conclusion

Yersinia entomophaga MH96 treated kibbled wheat was associated with thedeaths of Wiseana spp. larvae.

Experiment 2 Introduction

The earlier laboratory bioassay in Experiment 1 above showed that theYersinia entomophaga MH96 treatment caused mortality of large and smallWiseana spp larvae. However these bioassays were carried out usingtreated kibbled wheat where no alternative food source for the larvaewas available, as the larvae were exposed to the baits and in small 60ml specimen containers. Therefore, the current experiment was aimed totest the effectiveness of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 treatment under amore realistic situation where the larvae had an alternative food supplyand could more easily avoid contact with the baits.

Method

Ten containers with transparent acrylic sides and measuring 500 (l)×300(w)×300 (h) mm (FIG. 9) were filled to a depth of 150 mm with fine (<3mm) pine bark. A 30-40 mm layer of Yates™ potting mix was applied overthe bark surface. Twelve Trifolium repens seedlings were planted intoeach of the ten containers and allowed to establish. The seedlings wereheld in a white shade-cloth covered tunnel house at ambient airtemperature which was measured by two ‘Tiny Tag” temperature dataloggers. Five days after planting, ten final instar stage Wiseana spp.larvae collected and placed in each container.

At 14 days after planting, the seedlings were cut to approximately 10 mmhigh (FIG. 9). Yersinia entomophaga MH96 broadcast kibbled wheat baitswhere applied to the surface of five of the containers at a rateequivalent to 50 kg baits/ha (0.83 g/container). The remaining fivecontainers were untreated (controls).

The clover plants were assessed for survival 12 days after theapplication of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 broadcast kibbled wheat baits.A second application of bait was made 13 days after the firstapplication and plant survival assessed again 25 days after the initialapplication. The plants were harvested (cut to “ground” level) two dayslater and dried at 80° C. overnight to assess dry matter production overthe duration of the experiment. The containers were also broken down atthis time and the potting mix/bark searched for Wiseana spp. larvae. Thedata were analysed by one way analyses of variance with no blocking(Genstat version 8).

Results

Although Wiseana spp. larvae destroyed some plants (Table 13, and FIG.10) overall there were few differences in plant survival betweentreatments or assessment times. Plant survival was higher on bothoccasions in the containers treated with the bait, but this differencewas not significant (Table 13 (P<0.13, P<0.08, first and secondassessments respectively)).

There was no difference in clover production between the baitedtreatment and the control treatments (Table 13 (P<0.54)). Althoughsurvival of larvae was significantly higher in the control containerscompared to those treated with the bait. (Table 13 (P<0.001)) it isprobable that the warm temperatures and high nutrient status of thepotting mix allowed the clover plants in those containers with highnumbers of larvae to outgrow and compensate for the affects of larvaefeeding.

The Wiseana spp larvae survival in the control containers wasapproximately 46%, and is considered to be satisfactory for fieldcollected larvae and average density in these containers equated to 31larvae/m². This would be a moderate field density but the vegetationwithin the containers was sparse relative to pasture. The reduction inlarvae numbers associated with the Yersinia entomophaga MH96 applicationwas approximately 78%.

TABLE 13 Plant survival and production and Wiseana spp larvae survival(mean) over the duration of the bioassay. N° plants N° plants Dry Matter(g) Live Larvae Day 12 Day 25 Day 27 Day 27 Bait 11.6 11.6 11.2 1.0Treatment Control 10.2 10.2 10.3 4.6 SED 0.8 0.7 1.3 0.5

The average temperature within the tunnel house during the bioassay was10° C. but ranged from 0 to 32° C. (see FIG. 11). This was higher thanusual outside air temperatures for this time of year and may haveaffected larvae activity and plant growth.

Examples of Other Susceptible Invertebrate Species

Table 13 below summaries a list of various other invertebrate species,including the DBM and Wiseana spp tested for susceptibility to wholeYersinia entomophaga MH96 cells,

TABLE 13 Summary of the susceptibility of invertebrates to Yersiniaentomophaga MH96. Develop- mental Insect Class: Family stage Pathogenic?Lepidoptera Diamondback moth Lepidoptera: 1st-4^(th) yes Plutellaxylostella instar larvae Porina Lepidoptera: larvae yes Wiseanacopularis Heplidae Cotton bollworm Lepidoptera: larvae yes Helicoverpaamigera Greater wax moth Lepidoptera: larvae yes Galleria mellonellaGalleriidae Painted apple moth Lepidoptera: larvae yes Teia anartoidesLymantriidae Greenheaded leafroller Lepidoptera: larvae yes Planotortrixnotophaea Tortricidae Greenheaded leafroller Lepidoptera: larvae yesPlanotortrix excessana Tortricidae Lightbrown apple moth Lepidoptera:larvae yes Epiphyas postvittana Tortricidae Brownheaded leafrollerLepidoptera: larvae yes Ctenoptusis spp. Tortricidae Pieris rapaeLepidoptera: larvae yes white butterfly ?Pieridae Coleoptera New Zealandgrass grub Coleoptera: larvae yes Costelytra zealandica Scarabaeidae Redheaded cockchafer Coleoptera: larvae yes Adoryphorus couloniScarabaeidae Tasmania grass grub Coleoptera: larvae yes Acrossidiustasmaniae Scarabaeidae Pericoptus truncatus Coleoptera: larvae (yes)Sand scarab Scarabaeidae Chafer beetles? Coleoptera: larvae (yes)Odontria sp. Scarabaeidae Bark beetle Coleoptera: adults partialHylastes ater Scolytidae Black vine weevil Coleoptera: larvae yesOtiorhynchus sulcatus Curculionidae Clover root weevil (CRW) Coleoptera:adult yes Sitona lepidus Curculionidae Argentine stem weevil (ASW)Coleoptera: adult adult- partial Listronotus bonariensis CurculionidaeHymenoptera Darwin's ant Hymenoptera: nest yes Doleromyrma darwinianaFormicidae Vespula vulgaris Hymenoptera: larvae yes Common waspsVespidae Orthoptera Locusts Orthoptera: neonates yes Locusta migratoriaolder yes instar Diptera root lesion nematode Nematoda slightPratylenchus penetrans

It would be appreciated that the present invention provides a newbiopesticide or method for controlling insects which has a broadefficacy across a range of insects, and providing a new biopesticide ina range of different forms.

Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of exampleonly and it should be appreciated that modifications and additions maybe made thereto without departing from the scope thereof as defined inthe appended claims.

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1. An isolated Yersinia entomophaga MH96 bacterium deposited at DSMZ on4 May 2006 and designated accession no. DSM
 18238. 2. The use of anisolated Yersinia entomophaga MH96 bacterium as claimed in claim 1, todirectly or indirectly obtain a biopesticide.
 3. The use of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 bacterium as claimed in claim 1, as a biopesticide. 4.The use of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 bacterium as claimed in claim 1, inthe manufacture of a composition suitable as a biopesticide.
 5. Aculture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 bacterium as deposited at DSMZ on 4May 2006 and designated accession no. DSM 18238 bacterium.
 6. The use ofa culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as claimed in claim 5, todirectly or indirectly obtain a biopesticide.
 7. The use of a culture ofYersinia entomophaga MH96 as claimed in claim 5, as a biopesticide. 8.The use of a culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as claimed in claim 5,in the manufacture of a composition suitable as a biopesticide.
 9. Acellular extract obtained from Yersinia entomophaga MH96 deposited atDSMZ on 4 May 2006 and designated accession no. DSM 18238 or a culturethereof.
 10. The use of a cellular extract of Yersinia entomophaga MH96as claimed in claim 9, to directly or indirectly obtain a biopesticide.11. The use of a cellular extract of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 asclaimed in claim 9, as a biopesticide.
 12. The use of a cellular extractof Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as claimed in claim 9, in the manufactureof a composition suitable as a biopesticide.
 13. A sonicated cellfiltrate of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as deposited at DSMZ on 4 May 2006and designated accession no. DSM 18238 which has a biopesticideactivity.
 14. The use of a sonicated cell filtrate of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 as claimed in claim 13, to directly or indirectlyobtain a biopesticide.
 15. The use of a sonicated cell filtrate ofYersinia entomophaga MH96 as claimed in claim 13, as a biopesticide. 16.The use of a sonicated cell filtrate of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 asclaimed in claim 13, in the manufacture of a composition suitable as abiopesticide.
 17. A supernatant of a whole broth culture of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 as deposited at DSMZ on 4 May 2006 and designatedaccession no. DSM
 18238. 18. The use of the supernatant of a whole brothculture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as claimed in claim 17, as abiopesticide.
 19. The use of the supernatant of a whole broth culture ofYersinia entomophaga MH96 as claimed in claim 17, to directly orindirectly obtain a biopesticide.
 20. The use of the supernatant of awhole broth culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 as claimed in claim 17,in the manufacture of a composition suitable as a biopesticide.
 21. Acomposition that includes Yersinia entomophaga MH96, wherein saidbacteria exhibits a biopesticide activity.
 22. A composition as claimedin claim 21, wherein the composition is formulated from a culture ofYersinia entomophaga MH96 wherein said culture exhibits a biopesticideactivity.
 23. A composition as claimed in claim 21, wherein thecomposition is formulated from a cellular extract of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96, wherein said extract exhibits a biopesticide activity.24. A composition as claimed in claim 21, wherein the composition isformulated from a sonciated cell filtrate of Yersinia entomophaga MH96,wherein said extract exhibits a biopesticide activity.
 25. A compositionas claimed in claim 21, wherein the composition is formulated from awhole broth culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 wherein said wholebroth culture exhibits a biopesticide activity.
 26. A composition asclaimed in claim 21, wherein the composition is formulated from asupernatant of a whole broth culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96wherein the supernatant from the culture exhibits a biopesticideactivity.
 27. A composition including an effective amount Yersiniaentomophaga MH96, wherein Yersinia entomophaga MH96 has been killed asan intact form and maintains a biopesticide activity.
 28. A compositionas claimed in any one of claims 21 to 27, wherein the composition isformulated with at least one biopolymer compound.
 29. A composition asclaimed in claim 28, wherein the at least one biopolymer compound is atleast one type of gum compound.
 30. A composition as claimed in claim 28or claim 29, wherein the formulated composition is a gel.
 31. Acomposition as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 27, wherein thecomposition is formulated with at least one biopolymer compound and atleast one desiccating agent.
 32. A composition as claimed in claim 31,wherein the at least one biopolymer compound is at least one type of gumcompound and the at least one desiccating agent is at least one inertclay compound.
 33. A composition as claimed in claim 31 or claim 32,wherein the formulated composition is a dough or granular material. 34.A composition as claimed in any one of claims 28 to 33, wherein thecomposition is formed into a prill or granule shape.
 35. A compositionas claimed in any one of claims 28 to 33, wherein on application, thecomposition is mixed with an aqueous liquid and sprayed onto asubstrate.
 36. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 28 to 34,wherein the composition is coated onto a substrate.
 37. A composition asclaimed in claim 36, wherein the substrate is a seed.
 38. A method oftreating or protecting a plant and/or plant derived materials from pestinfestation wherein the method comprises applying to the plant or itsenvironment an effective amount of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.
 39. Amethod as claimed in claim 38, wherein the effective amount of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 is obtained from a culture of Yersinia entomophagaMH96.
 40. A method as claimed in claim 38, wherein the effective amountof Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtained from a supernatant from a wholebroth culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.
 41. A method of treating orprotecting a plant and/or plant derived materials from pest infestationwherein the method comprises applying to the plant or its environment aneffective amount of a cellular extract of Yersinia entomophaga MH96. 42.A method of treating or protecting a plant and/or plant derivedmaterials from pest infestation wherein the method comprises applying tothe plant or its environment an effective amount of a sonicated cellfiltrate of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.
 43. A method of treating orprotecting a plant and/or plant derived materials from pest infestationwherein the method comprises applying to the plant or its environment acomposition comprising an effective amount of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.44. A method as claimed in claim 43, wherein the effective amount ofYersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtained from a culture of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 bacterium.
 45. A method as claimed in claim 43, whereinthe effective amount of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtained from asupernatant from a whole broth culture Yersinia entomophaga MH96.
 46. Amethod of treating or protecting a plant and/or plant derived materialsfrom pest infestation wherein the method comprises applying to the plantor its environment a composition comprising an effective amount of acellular extract of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 bacterium.
 47. A method oftreating or protecting a plant and/or plant derived materials from pestinfestation wherein the method comprises applying to the plant or itsenvironment a composition comprising an effective amount of a sonicatedcell filtrate of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.
 48. A method of controllingand/or preventing a pest infestation characterised by the step ofapplying a composition comprising an effective amount of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 to a surface.
 49. A method as claimed in claim 48,wherein the effective amount of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 is obtainedfrom a culture of Yersinia entomophaga MH96.
 50. A method as claimed inclaim 48, wherein the effective amount of Yersinia entomophaga MH96 isobtained from a supernatant from a whole broth culture of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96.
 51. A method of controlling and/or preventing a pestinfestation characterised by the step of applying a compositioncomprising an effective amount of a cellular extract of Yersiniaentomophaga MH96 to a surface.
 52. A method of controlling and/orpreventing a pest infestation characterised by the step of applying acomposition comprising an effective amount of a sonicated cell filtrateof Yersinia entomophaga MH96 to a surface.
 53. A method of controllingand/or preventing a pest infestation characterised by the step ofapplying a composition as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 37, to asurface.